Defining Terrorism
Nicholas Johnson
Do you know anybody who's in favor of "terrorism"? I don't.
The United Nations Security Council came out against it after little or
no debate. The world is
virtually unanimous in its opposition to "terrorism”.
Why the quotes around the word? Because after we all agree the attack
on the World Trade
Center was terrorism, the UN, and the rest of us, still need a definition
to differentiate other
events.
Terrorism, standing alone, seems to involve some or all of the following elements:
- An ideological or political purpose (not conventional criminal acts).
- The desire to cause "terror" as much as human or physical destruction.
- Attacks on specific, or random, persons.
- Destruction of essential infrastructure or other physical property.
- A desire to die in the effort (unlike military personnel).
It's hard to define in terms of terrorists' actions. Their techniques
-- bombing bridges,
infiltration, assassination, hand-to-hand combat -- are things our military
special forces and
CIA agents are trained to do. Surely they aren't terrorists.
There is an only half-humorous definition of a terrorist as "someone who
has a bomb but
doesn't have an airplane”. That is, terrorism usually involves attacks
by individuals, as
distinguished from a nation's uniformed military.
Does this mean that actions dubbed "terrorism" in time of peace become
acceptable in time
of war? Apparently so.
Our government is at war with the Taliban in Afghanistan. But is
that all it takes to turn
"terrorism" into "war" - a president's assertion? It's not just that
there's no Congressional
declaration of war. It's that usually wars are declared against nations.
Bin Laden is not a
nation. Nor, for that matter, is the Taliban.
And is it not at least possible that September 11th was masterminded, funded
and staffed
from Saudi Arabia? (More of the terrorists were Saudis than were
Afghans -- as, indeed, is
Bin Laden.) If so, are we willing to bomb our source of oil?
Is President Bush not a terrorist because he orders bombs dropped from
military planes, and
Bin Laden is because he orders civilian planes to be used as bombs?
Surely we don't want to argue that it is only "terrorism" when others do
it to us. And yet, if
not, how do we justify "harboring" (the President's word) American Catholics
who finance
terrorist acts of the IRA against Protestants in Ireland? Cuban Americans
who want to
overthrow Castro?
What about our "School of the Americas" in Georgia (now "Western Hemisphere
Institute for
Security Cooperation")? It's trained those we've called "freedom
fighters" in Central and South
America.
School of the Americas Watch charges that "Graduates of the SOA are responsible
for some
of the worst human rights abuses in Latin America”.
Does that make the SOA a terrorist training camp? Presumably, our
government thinks not.
At least there's no known plan to bomb Georgia.
What of our mining the harbor in Nicaragua? This is a terrorist's
kind of action. The World
Court condemned it. The U.S. simply ignored world opinion and the
court's judgment. Would
it be terrorism if Nicaraguans provided training in how to place mines
in New York City's
harbor and sink U.S. ships? Presumably. So why was it not terrorism
when we did it to
them?
What of our attempted assassination of Castro? Our involvement in
the overthrow of Salvador
Allende's government in Chile? There were no declarations of war.
What we did couldn't even
be justified as retaliation. No terrorist destruction had been wrought
by Cuba or Chile in the
United States -- certainly nothing like the September 11th attack.
What if a military dictatorship takes over a democratic third world country?
Are we to
condemn as "terrorists" those who use all available means to reestablish
democracy? Even if
we fund and train them? What if we back the dictator?
And so we come full circle.
Apparently, it is not "terrorism" we condemn after all -- aside from that
on September 11.
Only "unjustified terrorism”.
We're all against it. On that there is unanimity. Now all we
have to do is figure out what "it"
is.